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Friday, December 10, 2010

Are all the flames extinguished? by David Wilder

Can we do תפילות prayers for:

Hebron community and David Wilder

That also through them The האור Light, רפואה The Healing and The ואהבה Love of ישועת יהוה Yeshuath YHWH may come back to הארץ The Land of Israel?
The Jewish Community of Hebron mourns the death of Mr. Ben Jacobs, father of Hebron Fund board member Cheryl Lewin (and Brad Jacobs z"l). May you be consoled with the other mourners of Zion and Jerusalem, may you know no more suffering and may you be blessed by only happy events.
Click to see Hanukkah in Hebron on the Hebron Web site
(including photos from the Abu Sneneh hills)

Are all the flames extinguished?

David Wilder
December 10, 2010

Hanukkah is over. For eight days we celebrated the holiday of lights, a festivity commemorating miracles that occurred almost 2,000 years ago: the tin of consecrated oil which burned for eight days, and the wondrous military victory of the Maccabees over the foreign occupiers.
This Hanukkah was a bit more difficult, for on the first day Israel suffered the tragic, horrific loss of fort y-one security personnel during the huge blaze in the Carmel forest fire in the northern part of the country. As has been said before, Israel is a small state; everyone knows someone… So too here in Hebron. One of those who died in the bus was a first-cousin of a Hebron resident. 
It seems so ironic that on this so festive occasion, the fire of the Hanukkah candles should be transformed into an inferno of devastation and loss of human life.
Hanukkah is a very interesting holiday. According to Jewish halacha (law), there are three possible ways to fulfill the mitzvah (precept) of lighting the menorah: One person of the household can light one candle very night; or each person in the household can light one candle every night; or every night, an additional candle can be added and lit – one the first night, two the second night, and so on. This last example is considered to be the most elegant way to kindle the Hanukkah candles. In other words, the more light, the better. But only one light at a time. For should two of the candles be so close together that they touch, with the individual flame becoming more like a flare, the mitzvah has not been fulfilled, the aim not accomplished. They must be separate, allowing them to be singly identified.
The Talmud advances another discussion concerning candle-lighting: should, on the first night, one candle be lit (as is done today), or should eight candles be lit, and on the second night, seven, etc?
What is the idea behind this debate? Revered Rabbi Shlomo Zevin z”l gave the following analogy. Fire can do two things: it can burn or it can give light. It is written in Psalms: Abandon evil and do good. During Hanukkah the Maccabees had to deal with two principal issues: 1) the attempt to defile Judaism, to Hellenize Jews, preventing them from practicing Judaism, and forcing them to overtly transgress Torah law; 2) to the purify the Temple and relight, not only the physical Menorah, but also the spiritual essence of the Jewish people. How then do we remember Hanukkah? Do we  first abandon evil, in other words, first burn away the darkness? Start with eight candles, burning away as much of the darkness as possible, working our way down, until there are no shadows left, leaving room only for the good, for the light?; or, do we begin by slowly emanating light, pushing away the darkness, until the last night, when there is only light. Do we begin with ‘abandoning evil,’ or ‘doing good?’
Usually, during Hanukkah, we follow the second path. However, unfortunately, this year, we walking both trails. True, individually, on the first night we lit one candle. But that day, collectively, we were witness to many, many candles lit simultaneously. We light 36 candles on all of Hanukkah. There were 36 people on the bus, burned to death. Another five also died as a result of that conflagration.
And so, what is the lesson to be learned? We cannot read G-d’s mind, we cannot know why this terrible event happened. But we can, and must try to learn something, for what transpires is not just chance.
The forest fire, as dreadful as it was, actually happened. Even though we don’t know why, it’s a fact we have to live with. This shows us that at times, as in the above analogy, all eight candles are lit at the outset, all at once. This might not be ‘the preferred way’ to deal with events, but sometimes there is no choice. So it has to be in our dealings with those who still wish to destroy us, be it physically or spiritually. Those, outside of Israel, who seek to obliterate our spirit, or annihilate our being. Our response, the Israeli response, must be to first burn the darkness, wipe out the danger, disintegrate the evil. If not, they are liable to try to eradicate us first.
But this way is only when standing opposite outside forces, peoples or countries outside Israel, seeking our end. However, when dealing amongst ourselves, this approach must never even be considered. As Jews, as Israelis, we must begin with one candle, desiring not to burn away the darkness, rather to create more and more light, which will eventually push out any and all negativity that may have been present. That is the way brethren should interrelate with each other. Seek out the good, and automatically malevolence evaporates as if it never was.
And now, that Hanukkah is over, have all the flames extinguished? Thank G-d, the huge fire in the north is over. But a candle is still burning, one of those Hanukkah candles, which we lit for eight nights. One of those candles, which represents our eternity, our faith, our inability to ever give up, still glows. That candle, in the heart of each and every Jew, has always radiated light, to both the individual and to the community, the people, at large. As it always will. We will never lose our belief, our devotion, we can and will always overcome, knowing that one small flame can and does, exude much light.
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The Timeless Rav Hirsch - Parshas Vayigash

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Rabbi Yitzchok Adlerstein and Torah.org

That also through them The האור Light, רפואה The Healing and The ואהבה Love of ישועת יהוה Yeshuath YHWH may come back to הארץ The Land of Israel?
 
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  The Timeless Rav Hirsch
        by Rabbi Yitzchok Adlerstein
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Parshas Vayigash
Life Imitates History1
I will provide for you there – for there will be five more years of famine – so you do not become destitute: you, your household, and all that is yours.

Yosef had already explained in quite some detail what the future would bring. He had told them that the famine was only beginning. Five hard years of further famine were predicted to be ahead of them. Furthermore, the Torah lavished several pesukim on Yosef’s attempt to shake his brothers loose of their shame and guilt. He pointed to all the good that ironically resulted from his sale. He went so far as to say that the consequences were so profound, that they should see themselves as instruments of the Divine Will, rather than brood over the guilt of their fratricidal decision.

What more remained to be said? After all the explanation that came earlier, why does Yosef in this pasuk repeat what he has already related to them?

Yosef seized an opportunity to point out the ways of Divine Providence. His story illustrated like no other how Hashem’s Will is accomplished. Events and details that seem unrelated, come together to produce whatever it is that He wishes to come about. Most of the time, Man cannot see how the different strands of an unfolding story are present or related. He remains blind and clueless to the intricate story that is woven in front of him. Looking back at the events of the last decades, Yosef points to the intertwining of so many events that eventually bring about the desired result – protecting and sustaining Yaakov’s fledgling family. The Torah wishes to make this episode an object lesson to us of the manner in which Hashem’s Will works through history.

Shlomo said, “Hashem creates everything; He employs the fool, and employs the transgressors.”[2] Humans plan on utilizing the best tools and best personnel for the job. Hashem knows no such limitations. He can and does make use of the most unlikely assistants – the fools, and even those who flout His will. He deftly makes use of unwitting helpers, who play a role in accomplishing His purposes.

As Chazal say, by way of two small measures of silk the fearful prophecies of the bris bein ha-besarim came to be. A chain of events led from that bit of extra ornamentation that Yaakov added to Yosef’s garment. That chain ended with the enslavement of the Jewish people. Many circumstances in Yosef’s life seemed tragic and senseless when they happened, but turned out to make crucial contribution to his role in life. Such was true on a larger scale with respect to Yosef’s family and their role in going from small group to a proto-nation to a large nation. In truth, the chain did not end there, but repeats itself in more recent times.

In retrospect, staying in Canaan was not an option. Had they developed and thrived there, it would have been inevitable that they would in time have to move away from a central location, and disperse throughout the land. Our early peoplehood, however, required incubation away from any foreign influences. Staying in Canaan would have led to diluting and adulterating their national ethos. Hashem’s Providence instead sent them to an Egypt that shunned outsiders, and would therefore reject the Jews as their equals. Yaakov’s descendents could develop with a strong, separate, identity.

We would experience the same for hundreds of years during the Middle Ages. The fanatic bigotry of the day would isolate us in ghettos. This was not pleasant – but in retrospect, has to be seen as an effective way of keeping us apart from the primitiveness of the cultural surround of the times. In closed circles, we were able to develop strong senses of family and community, while the world around had little to contribute.

Under Yosef’s guidance, the Egyptians weathered the storm of severe famine. Having no more funds with which to buy food, the Egyptians traded their lands for their survival. To consolidate the earnings of his master, Yosef moved all parts of the population to new areas, emphasizing Paroh’s ownership of the land. Here, too, Providence was at work. The Jews could not be rejected merely for lacking rootedness in the land; the contemporary Egyptians were strangers in the land as well! In the European experience, while Jews were disdained as “different,” that difference was at least tempered by the fact that most of the European landscape was occupied by relatively recent arrivals when the Jews first came. Their new hosts were themselves people who had migrated relatively recently to their new homes. Jews would ultimately be taunted with the words, “Jews get out! Jews to Palestine;” they would be able to point back to their accusers. “Why is there no trace of your ancestors in the land we stand upon?”

Most soberingly, we look back at Yosef’s odyssey and note that his pain and suffering came about through jealousy and groundless hatred. Here, too, later history was prepared for by earlier events. Our second beis hamikdosh was destroyed because of the same jealousy and hatred. In Egypt, the Jews would learn the hard way that they could not survive without developing the gifts of brotherhood and equality.

We still wait to acquire the same to rid ourselves of our present Galus.
   

1. Based on the Hirsch Chumash, Bereishis 45:11
2. Mishlei 26:10, following Rashi and the first
approach of Ibn Ezra
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Rabbi Zweig - Parshas Vayigash

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Rabbi Zweig and Torah.org

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  Rabbi Zweig on the Parsha
        by Rabbi Yochanan Zweig
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Parshas Vayigash
Feel My Pain
"I am Yosef. Is my father still alive?" (45:3)

When Yosef revealed himself to his brothers, the verse records that the brothers were unable to answer him due to an overwhelming sense of embarrassment. The Midrash teaches that from the brothers' reaction, it is clear that Yosef was giving them "tochacha" - "reproof" for having sold him.[1] This interpretation is further strengthened by the fact that on several occasions the brothers mentioned that Yaakov was alive; thus, Yosef's question must have had other implications..

Many of the commentaries discuss how the words "Is my father still alive" imply rebuke. Some understand that Yosef was really saying to them, "How did you expect my father to survive after all the grief and suffering you forced him to endure?" The Bais Halevi takes this interpretation a step further. He understands that Yosef was chiding Yehuda, saying, "You asked me to have mercy on your father and release Binyamin; why is it that you yourselves did not show him mercy when you sold me?"[2]

The purpose of reproof is not to belittle or embarrass a person, rather to show him that he has erred and that he should correct his ways. If we directly attack the wrongdoer, there is a good chance that we will be met with a reaction which is the opposite of what we want. Very often, when a person is confronted concerning a transgression which he has committed, he raises his defenses and continues to display the malevolent behavior, in order to enforce the fact that he does not consider such behavior to be wrong. Therefore, effective rebuke cannot be achieved by directly challenging and attempting to belittle the perpetrator. Accordingly, how is it possible that Yosef would choose to reprimand them in such a manner? Another question that can be asked is: If the rebuke relates to their lack of sensitivity towards their own father, why did Yosef ask whether "my father" is still alive, rather than whether "our father" or "your father" is still alive?[3]

Perhaps the following explanation can be offered: One form of effective reproof is focusing on the victim's pain rather than on the wrongdoing of the transgressor. By not directly challenging the perpetrator, he is not forced to raise his defenses. When he sees the suffering that has been caused by his actions, he comes to the understanding that he has behaved inappropriately.

The fact that "Is my father still alive?" was the first question that Yosef asked his brothers, indicates that what most concerned him for the previous twenty-two years was being distant from his father.. His query should be interpreted as an outpouring of his own personal grief over being in a position where it is impossible to maintain a loving relationship with his father. The brothers were filled with shame, not because Yosef directly chastised them, rather as a result of understanding the grief that their actions had caused. This makes the reason why Yosef focused on my father rather than your father clear. He was expressing his grief over the loss of his personal relationship with his father.

1.Bereishis Rabbah 93:11 Chagiga 4b
2.See Malbim Maharsha Chidushei Aggados Chagiga 4b
3.See Kli Yakar 45:3

Liar Liar

"And they told him, saying 'Yosef is still alive. He is the ruler of all Egypt' and his heart became numb, for he did not believe them" (45:26)

The verse states that when the brothers revealed to Yaakov that Yosef was still alive, he did not believe them. The Midrash comments that "such is the fate of the liar - even when conveying the truth he is not believed".[1] Since they had lied to Yaakov earlier concerning Yosef's fate, Yaakov refused to believe them this time. When Delilah was attempting to discover the source of Shimshon's great strength, Shimshon initially gave her false information. When he finally told her the true source of his strength, the verse states that she knew immediately that he was not lying.[2] The Talmud comments that the reason for this is "nikarim divrei emet" - "the truth is clearly discernable".[3] Why is it that Yaakov refused to believe his sons because of their previous falsehood, whereas Delilah was able to discern the truth in Shimshon's words, although he had been untruthful in the past? How do we reconcile the axioms "such is the fate of the liar - even when conveying the truth he is not believed" and "the truth is clearly discernable"?

There are two kinds of liars; one is a person whose sole motivation is to mislead the listener with the falsehood that he is conveying, and the other actually believes the falsehood to be a reality. The terms for these two types of liars are "shakran" and "badai" respectively. The term "badai" is also used by the Talmud to reflect certain expressions formulated by the Sages which create a vow or oath, a new reality - "lashon asher badu chachamim" which means "expressions formulated by the Sages".[4]

The Midrash referring to Yaakov states that such is the fate of a badai. According to the commentaries, Yosef's brothers convened a Beis Din which judged Yosef as guilty and sentenced him to death.[5] In their eyes, selling Yosef to the Midianites was the manner by which to carry out the sentence without actually having to kill Yosef with their own hands. Therefore, when they informed Yaakov that Yosef had been killed, they were so convinced that they had done the right thing, that they believed that Yosef, in reality had been killed. They were sure that Hashem must have carried out their sentence for them. Therefore, the brothers were bada'im, they believed their own falsehoods, and consequently, Yaakov did not believe them. The lies of a person who believes his own falsehoods cannot be distinguished from the truth.

Shimshon is described as speaking "kezav" or "sheker", when attempting to mislead Delilah.[6] He himself did not believe the lie. Therefore, when he told the truth, it was discernable - "nikarim divrei emet".

1. Berishis Rabbah 94:3, Sanhedrin 89a, Avos D'Rav Nosson 30
2. Shoftim 16:18
3. Sotah 9b
4. Nedarim 10a
5. See Seforno 37:25
6. See Shoftim 16:13, Targum of kezav is sheker
   

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Mikra - Parshas Vayigash

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Rabbi Yitzchak Etshalom and Torah.org

That also through them The האור Light, רפואה The Healing and The ואהבה Love of ישועת יהוה Yeshuath YHWH may come back to הארץ The Land of Israel?
 
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  Mikra
        by Rabbi Yitzchak Etshalom
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Parshas Vayigash
Yoseph and His Brothers
Dear Haverim,

Under the heading of "better late than never" or "very early for next year", Dr. Avi Shmidman and I collaborated to compose a "final stanza" to the piyyut "Ma'oz Tzur", thanking God for the modern-day miracle of Jewish statehood. You can find the text, translation and commentary at https://sites.google.com/site/shmidman/Home/MaozTzur-thefinalstanza.pdf

Rabbi Yitzchak Etshalom


I


Then Yoseph could no longer control himself before all his attendants, and he cried out, "Have everyone leave my presence!" So there was no one with Yoseph when he made himself known to his brothers. And he wept so loudly that the Egyptians heard him, and Pharaoh's household heard about it. Yoseph said to his brothers, "I am Yoseph! Is my father still living?" But his brothers were not able to answer him, because they were terrified at his presence. (B'resheet 45:3)

Subsequent to Yehudah's heartfelt plea on behalf of his younger brother (and ward) Binyamin (44:18-34), Yoseph is unable to control himself. Shooing out the bystanders in his court, Yoseph then reveals himself to his brothers.

There are three questions I would like to pose; two of which are local to this "outburst" of Yoseph, the third which addresses the entire Yoseph-brothers interaction in Egypt until now:

1) What caused Yoseph to lose control over his emotions?

2) It is clear from here that Yoseph intended to control himself and not reveal his identity - at least at this point - to his brothers. What was his plan that was disrupted by this loss of control?

3) The general question: What was Yoseph's intent in the whole charade with his brothers? Why didn't he immediately greet them when they first came down to Egypt?

Another slice of this question is, as Ramban asks:

How is it that Yoseph, after living many years in Egypt, having attained a high and influential position in the house of an important Egyptian official, did not send his father even one message to inform him (that he was alive) and comfort him? Egypt is only six days' travel from Hevron, and respect for his father would have justified even a year's journey! (It would) have been a grave sin to torment his father by leaving him in mourning and bereavement for himself and for Shim'on; even if he wanted to hurt his brothers a little, how could he not feel pity for his aged father (Ramban to B'resheet 42:9)?"

In other words, besides his treatment of the brothers in his court, how did Yoseph allow his father to mourn for so many years when he could have easily informed him of his whereabouts and safety?

Rabbis Yoel Bin-Nun and Yaakov Medan, both of Yeshivat Har Etzion, addressed this issue in the first issue of the Tanakh journal Megadim, put out by the Teacher's College of the Yeshivah. A synopsis of their approaches is available right here, courtesy of Yeshivat Har Etzion.

II

RABBI BIN-NUN'S APPROACH


There are two basic facts that must be stressed to understand Yoseph's behavior. First of all, the family tradition until this point (in Avraham and Yitzchak's families) was to pass the mantle of leadership on to one son and to send the other(s) away. Second, we have to remember that even though we, the readers, are aware of everyone's part in the story - the "players" only know what is revealed to them.

Based on this, Rabbi Bin-Nun suggests that Yoseph had no idea that his father was mourning his loss. If anything, the events which led up to his sale convinced him that father had been convinced by the sons of Leah to reject Yoseph and select them (or one of them). Yoseph knew nothing of the bloody coat, used to convince Ya'akov that he was dead. As far as he was concerned, Ya'akov's lack of interest in his welfare (evidenced by Ya'akov's not looking for him after his "disappearance" in Dotan) proved this point - Ya'akov had rejected him and accepted the arguments of his brothers.

When the brothers came down to Egypt, Yoseph found one opportunity to really find out what had happened back at home - if only he could speak with Binyamin, his full brother! Therefore, Yoseph acted as he did - in order to get Binyamin down to Egypt and then to get him alone (as his slave - at the end of Miketz) in order to find out what had really transpired back in Hevron.

This was, according to Rabbi Bin-Nun, Yoseph's original plan. The plan was disrupted because of Yehudah's impassioned plea for Binyamin's freedom. Suddenly Yoseph was faced with new information which turned his entire perspective around - father had thought him dead and that's why he had never come looking for him! (This synopsis doesn't even come close to doing Rabbi Bin-Nun's treatment justice...)

III

WHAT CAUSED YOSEPH TO LOSE CONTROL?


As mentioned above, one explanation for Yoseph's outburst is the new information - that instead of having been rejected by father, his father had been mourning for him.

There are, however, several other ways to understand his sudden reaction. (Take into account that there are good reasons to reject Rabbi Bin-Nun's explanation - see Rabbi Medan's rejoinder in the Megadim article.) I would like to suggest five of them.

A: AN ACCUMULATION OF COMPASSION

In two earlier passages (42:24 & 43:30-31), we read about Yoseph's emotions and how he had to turn away from his brothers in order to regain his composure. Significantly, in the second passage, we read that vaYit'apak - ("he restrained himself"); which is the same word used in our passage - v'lo Yakhol Yoseph l'Hit'apek -("he could no longer restrain himself"). We can understand from this use of the unique word hit'apek that the Torah is trying to associate his earlier restraint with the present lack thereof. In other words, the emotional accumulation, climaxed with Yehudah's plea, caused Yoseph to finally break down. This is apparently Rashbam's understanding of the verse.

B: A MULTITUDE OF INTERCESSORS

In our verse (45:1), Yoseph is unable to "control himself before all his attendants" - what is the connection between those who were attending to Yoseph and his inability to keep his emotions in check?

S'forno explains that he was not able to answer all of their questions and request with this heavy load on his heart - which is why he sent them out. Ramban, however, advances a much bolder explanation. He claims that all of the attendants and courtiers, upon hearing Yehudah's plea - which, by the way, Yoseph would have been foolish to reject, considering Yehudah's "plusses" over Binyamin (age, experience, power) - chimed in along with the brothers. Yoseph was unable to control himself in the face of this barrage of pleading, from all around, to have compassion on the young Binyamin and his hoary father.

Both answers A & B understand Yoseph's outburst as the result of "too much" - either an overload of emotions, accumulating from the brothers' earlier visits - or "too many" people pleading for Binyamin's freedom.

C: YEHUDAH'S T'SHUVAH IS COMPLETE

As Rabbi Medan points out in his article, Yoseph was chiefly concerned with ascertaining whether the brothers had done T'shuvah (repentance) from their heinous act of selling him into slavery. [Parenthetically, it is fairly clear from the text that the brothers never sold him into slavery and thought that Yoseph had died. Yoseph, however, had every reason to think that they had sold him, since he heard Yehudah suggest this course of action and the next thing he knew, Midianites were pulling him out of the pit and selling him to Yishma'elites, who took him as a slave to Egypt.] As we know from the Rambam (Hilkhot Teshuvah 2:1), the most perfect form of T'shuvah is a reversal of character as evidenced by acting differently in the same situation. Whereas Yehudah had been willing to sell Yoseph into slavery, Yehudah is now the one who steps forward to take responsibility - and to offer himself as the slave in Binyamin's place. This total turnaround on the part of the brothers ' leader and spokesman signaled to Yoseph that their T'shuvah was complete and that he could now reveal himself to them.

D: ANOTHER EVOLUTION WITHIN YEHUDAH'S WORDS

Throughout the tumultuous life of the two wives, Rachel and Leah, we learn much (by reading between the lines via the Midrash and Rishonim) about the role of their children and their staunch defense of the honor which should be accorded each of their mothers.

The Rabbis even explain Re'uven's sin with Bilhah in light of his concern for his mother's honor after the death of Rachel. (BT Shabbat 55b). There is every indication that the enmity felt between Yoseph and his brothers was the direct result of their vying for power - and promoting the Leah or Rachel position in the family.

In reporting the debate between the father and brothers about bringing Binyamin down to Egypt, Yehudah quotes Ya'akov as follows: "You know that my wife bore me two sons..." (44:27) This "wife" is none other than Rachel. For Yehudah to be able to put aside his own feelings about his mother and her sister and to accurately report father's words indicated an emotional evolution. Yehudah (and, by extension, the other brothers) was able to accept Ya'akov's favoritism of Rachel and Yoseph. This turnabout not only emotionally tugged at Yoseph (along with the poignant reminder of his own mother's death) - it also signaled to Yoseph that it was "safe" to reveal himself and that his position in the family was safe.

E: COMPASSION FOR YA'AKOV

When Yoseph finally reveals himself to his brothers (45:3), he makes a strange statement: "I am Yoseph! Is my father still living?" The recurring theme of Yehudah's plea of several moments earlier was father's inevitable heartbreak if Binyamin isn't brought safely back - so obviously the father is still alive! Why did Yoseph ask this question?

S'forno interprets Yoseph's question as rhetorical - "How could my father still be alive after all of these troubles?". The first thing on Yoseph's mind at this emotionally charged moment was his father's welfare. Note the theme of Yehudah's plea:

Then your servant my father said to us, 'You know that my wife bore me two sons; one left me, and I said, Surely he has been torn to pieces; and I have never seen him since. If you take this one also from me, and harm comes to him, you will bring down my gray hairs in sorrow to Sheol.' Now therefore, when I come to your servant my father and the boy is not with us, then, as his life is bound up in the boy's life, when he sees that the boy is not with us, he will die; and your servants will bring down the gray hairs of your servant our father with sorrow to Sheol. For your servant became surety for the boy to my father, saying, 'If I do not bring him back to you, then I will bear the blame in the sight of my father all my life.' Now therefore, please let your servant remain as a slave to my lord in place of the boy; and let the boy go back with his brothers. For how can I go back to my father if the boy is not with me? I fear to see the suffering that would come upon my fa ther." (44:27-34)

The image of Ya'akov's heartbreak and his suffering finally pushed Yoseph's emotional equilibrium far enough to cause him to lose control.

However we understand the cause - or causes - of Yoseph's outburst, one thing is clear. Yoseph felt torn between the "charade" which he found necessary to play out and his deep and abiding love for his family. Something in Yehudah's words allowed him to resolve this conflict, leading to the emotional rapprochement with his brothers and, ultimately, to a tearful reunification with his beloved father.
   
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