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             |  |               |  |               |  |               |  |                Parshat Vayeishev       
          Mitzvat Hanukkah (II)  
 | I 
 THE SUGYA
 
 In last week's shiur, we analyzed the central sugya in the Gemara  which presents the various levels of performing the Mitzvah of Hadlakat  Ner Hanukkah:
 
 Our Rabbis taught: The Mitzvah of Hanukkah is:
 
 1) one *Ner* for a man and his household;
 
 2) the *M'hadrin* (zealous - those who wish to beautify and enhance  the Mitzvah) [kindle] a light for each member [of the household];
 
 3) and the *M'hadrin min haM'hadrin*:
 
 
 a) Beit Shammai maintain: On the first day eight lights are lit and thereafter they are gradually reduced; 
b) but Beit Hillel say: On the first day one is lit and thereafter they are progressively increased. 
(BT Shabbat 21b) 
 As promised, this week we will share some insights of Rav Avraham  Yitzchak haKohen Kook zt"l relating to this sugya. First, a few words of  introduction to the writings of Rav Kook.
 
 II
 
 RAV KOOK AND THE 'EIN AYAH
 
 Rav Kook, born in 1865 in Grieve, Latvia, made Aliyah at the  beginning of this century to serve as Chief Rabbi of Tel-Aviv/Yaffo. He  later ascended to the position of Chief Rabbi of Eretz Yisrael, a  position he served with distinction until his passing in 1935. Among his  many achievements as Halakhist ,theologian and communal leader, Rav  Kook's greatest legacy is likely his prodigious literary output. Among  the many works already published (there are many more still in  manuscript form), "Ein Ayah", his commentary on the Aggadot of the  Gemara (the collection known as Ein Ya'akov) is among the most  insightful and profound. To date, only three volumes of the Ein Ayah  commentary have seen the light of day. Fortunately for us, the third  volume includes the discussion relating to Hanukkah in Massechet Shabbat  - and it is from this work that we will quote Rav Kook's analysis on  our sugya.
 
 Rav Kook's many contributions to Jewish thought in this century are  often overlooked, as he is the ideological father of modern Religious  Zionism and most of his fame outside of the world of those Yeshivot  which are guided and inspired by his weltanschauung is limited to this  politically-oriented and hotly debated ideological position.  Nonetheless, for those of us who have had the opportunity to be exposed  to some of the breadth and depth of his writings, Rav Kook never fails  to challenge, stimulate and inspire; engaging the mind as well as  speaking to the heart.
 
 It was Rav Kook who, while decrying the blatantly anti-religious  sentiment present among the early Zionist leaders, understood the  "Divine Spark" which motivated their zeal on behalf of the People and  the Land. In a sense, he was the father of modern-day Outreach in that  he was able to illuminate the glory in every Jewish soul, regardless of  how far from tradition that person had strayed.
 
 Most of the Ein Ayah was composed before Rav Kook made Aliyah,  during his tenure as the Rav in Boisk, Lithuania. During that time, the  ferment of political Zionism was felt throughout Europe and engaged the  rabbinate - most of whom were ardent opponents of the nascent political  movement. I believe that much of the commentary presented below (in  abridged form - due to space limitations) reflects some of the divisions  felt within the Orthodox community at the time. I will comment on this  towards the end of this shiur.
 
 One word about this presentation:
 
 Rav Kook's writing is among the most difficult to translate, due to  his lofty language and the many allusions and double-entendres which he  employs. Instead of translating "loosely", this presentation will  include a literal rendering (as much as is possible) of his essay,  followed by an explanation and commentary. Although it would be easier  to translate his frequent use of "Yisra'el" and "Yisra'eli" as "Jew" and  "Jewish", respectively, I prefer to keep greater fidelity to the  original.
 
 Now…to the Ein Ayah.
 
 III
 
 NER ISH UVEITO
 
 "The victory which God granted through His servants, the Kohanim  [Hashmonaim] who overcame the Greeks - who desired not only to uproot Am  Yisra'el from their material position but also to uproot the character  of life which Yisra'el impact upon the world, which must be rooted in  Torah, that purity and dignity should be the chief goal in family life  and from there will follow all of the other Yisra'eli attitudes and  traits. This is what the Greek nation abhorred, seeing in it an enemy  and foe to their culture, wherein they raised the banner the enjoyment  of life and the many physical and imaginary pleasures; therefore the  hatred of the Greeks for Torat Yisra'el was very great. In the moderate  way by which a Yisra'eli comports himself, even if he is not an  extraordinary individual, nonetheless within family life, we recognize  the 'Ivri' light, the purity and dignity, trustworthiness and all of the  character traits which branch out from this for the good; these are  easily see  n in all of their glory in every Yisra'eli house which follows the way  of Torah and Mitzvot - therefore, the obligation of Mitzvat Ner Hanukkah  is 'Ner Ish uVeito.' "
 
 Comment and Analysis:
 
 The attempted Hellinization of Judea was the first time in our  history that we had encountered a deliberate attempt to sway us from our  national ethos - from the value system which informs the life of Torah  commitment. Whereas we had fought wars against enemies who desired our  land - or even our demise - this was the first real kulturkampf which we  fought. The Greeks were not interested (for the most part) in Judaicide  - rather in the Hellenization of all of the "barbaric peoples of the  East". Rav Kook sees the fundamental celebration of Hanukkah as marking  the cultural/spiritual defense against the onslaught of Hellenes.
 
 One of the hallmarks of Hellenistic culture was the focus on  personal excellence - in a word, you were only as good as the latest  achievement you had demonstrated. This performance could be athletic in  nature, or in the marketplace of ideas and wisdom. Whether in art,  science, battle or philosophy, the Greeks introduced us to the notion of  personal excellence. This focus was rooted, however, in a fundamental  lack of respect for the human being per se - you were nothing if you had  not achieved, in a measurable way, something grand and impressive.
 
 Much as we hail the achievements of great individuals (especially in  the battleground of the Beit Midrash, but also in the laboratory and on  the battlefield), this does not diminish our regard for every person,  even those who are far from excellent.
 
 The Greeks used to "dispose" of disabled children and send their  invalid old away to die (an approach adopted by our tormentors of two  generations past). The innate dignity which we, contradistinctively,  accord each person, is the product of our recognition of the image of  God which is the stamp of each human.
 
 Greek excellence was an external demonstration, in the arena,  marketplace and theater. Jewish excellence begins, first and foremost  and most critically, within the four walls of our homes. We recognize  bravery as being proved in restraint as much - if not more - than in  conquest. "Who is mighty?" ask Haza"l, "He who conquers his own urges".  (Avot 4:1). The respect which we show towards each of our loved ones,  the intense care we have for family is a reflection of that  understanding of sanctity. The concentration of Jewish excellence is  found in the private, personal lives of regular people, restraining  their anger when a loved one errs, restraining their passions when a  loved one requests privacy and controlling their appetites when  consumption is outside of the bounds of sanctity.
 
 All of this said, it was the Jewish home - i.e. the way that Jewish  families demonstrated courage and sanctity in the private domain of  average individuals - that irked the Greeks and was a thorn in their  side. It challenged the entire Hellenistic enterprise. As such, the  first and most fundamental battleground in the kulturkampf was the  Jewish home. That being the case, it is the Jewish family upon whom the  most fundamental celebration of this victory devolves - hences, the  basic Mitzvah is "Ner Ish uVeito."
 
 By the way, although far from the original intent of Rav Kook's  words, we can even see this phenomenon among relatively non-observant  Jews today. Many of our brothers and sisters who are not scrupulous  about Kashrut in their own lives, insist on maintaining a Kosher home.  So many "lines in the sand" drawn in contemporary Jewish life are  defenses of the Jewish home and family - even among those who are still  far from personal observance.
 
 A note on Rav Kook's very sensitive use of words.. Although he  usually uses "Yisra'el" here, when describing the "light" which emanates  from the Jewish home, Rav Kook refers to "the Ivri light". As we  pointed out in an earlier shiur (in the Yonah series), the word "Ivri"  is always used in T'nakh to describe us from the perspective of our  separateness from pagan nations and our affiliation with the universal  God. Since Rav Kook is referring to this light as it permeates the  outside (more on this later), he makes mention of the "Ivri" light.
 
 IV
 
 MEHADRIN
 
 "The extraordinary individuals in Yisra'el, whose lives themselves  stand ready to experience the Divine sanctity which the complete Torah  has imprinted on them - it is appropriate that such people be of the  'Mehadrin - [that have] one candle per person'. Even in the individual  life, the glow, splendor and light of Torah which accompanies him in all  of his paths will be recognized, as long as he is very careful to guard  his ways according to the Torah, then he will experience the  fulfillment of 'and all of the peoples of the earth shall see that  Hashem's Name has been proclaimed over you and they shall stand in fear  of you.' (D'varim 28:10)."
 
 Comment and Analysis:
 
 Whereas every Jewish home, regardless of the stature of its  constituent members, reflects the light of Torah (as long as it operates  according to the ethos of Torah), by dint of the holiness expressed in  the mode of interpersonal relationships therein - the extraordinary  individual carries this light with him wherever he goes. Although  individual sanctity may have its drawbacks, from a perspective of  cultural interaction and social impact, the person who can carry the  light with him at all times is clearly positioned to impact more  intensely and consistently on his surroundings. Thus, such a person  should be represented by his own individual light.
 
 V
 
 MEHADRIN MIN HAMEHADRIN (I)
 
 "Among those extraordinary individuals whose every step is weighed  "B'Shekel haKodesh" (lit. "with a holy weight" - meaning, always  considered against the measure of holiness which will be brought into  the world as a result), to the point where not only their family lives  exude Godly holiness but also their personal lives, there are found  saintly people whose entire focus in their lives is not for their own  benefit - even spiritual (i.e. the World to Come), rather their entire  desire is to bring about God's will in His world.
 
 "In analyzing how the miracle of Hanukkah can arouse the hearts of  such holy people to bring about this noble desire, there are two general  approaches, each of which divides into two particular paths:
 
 "There are great people who look deeply at God's will in this world;  and since they recognize that the Master of all Souls created Man as a  general being in His image and all creatures in the image of God, He  certainly intended to benefit them in their end, that they should rise  above the depth of evil and foolishness which surrounds them until they  are worthy of the level of the righteous who delight in God and His  good. It is true that God prepared Yisra'el to be the recipients of the  of Godly light in the world; but only then will the goal which elates  the heart of all who are upright be realized, when the goal is completed  by Yisra'el to bring all citizens of the world to the light of God and a  holy life.
 
 "From the perspective of this approach, the internal tendency which  guides the hearts of the upright will be to walk in the path of God  according to the Torah not only because it brings goodness to Yisra'el  specifically, but rather because of this ultimate and most enlightened  purpose, since the good of Yisra'el will eventually bring goodness to  all of Mankind. Such a tendency, which is passionate, could lead one to  believe that an orientation which singles out the goal of Toraic actions  on account of the general welfare of Yisra'el is not the loftiest of  tendencies and should be raised even higher to overcome the tendency of  love of Yisra'el.
 
 "For such people, national fellowship cannot be the source of their  lives, rather the love of God and His Torah - since this ultimate goal  can be found within the Torah; a goal which is so lofty that they could  only appropriate national fellowship as a means to this end."
 
 Comments and Analysis:
 
 [Although this selection does not conclude Rav Kook's analysis of  the Mehadrin min haMehadrin, the language and ideas are abstruse and  recondite and it is probably advisable to intersperse a few observations  here. ]
 
 Rav Kook is pointing out that although the "Mehadrin" may represent  those excellent individuals, whose very lives exude holiness and promote  Torah wherever they go, they are usually motivated by self-interest  (albeit, of the noblest form). The desire to "grow in Torah", to become  an authentic "Talmid Hakham", to increase ones measure of kindness and  to develop ever finer character traits is usually motivated by the  ambition of personal greatness. There is no question that this is a  necessary and praiseworthy ambition - but it is still "self-centered"  and lacks the idealistic purity of the "Mehadrin min haMehadrin".
 
 The "elite" described here, who may engage in the same behavior as  the "extraordinary", are motivated by a wholly different set of  concerns. As opposed to asking "how can I become closer to God?", "how  can I become more knowledgeable in Torah?" etc., the question asked is  "How can God's Name be enhanced in this world - and what can I do to  promote that?".
 
 This ideologically driven person can fall into one of two categories  - and only the first has been adumbrated in this paragraph. Such a  person accepts several postulates about the world - that God is good,  that He created all creatures in His image and that, therefore, God  desires to bring all of them (since He is good) to a realization of  their potential (being in His image).. As such, the ultimate goal - the  idyllic vision - of creation is to bring all of creation and all of  Mankind to a level of awareness of God and sensitivity to the values by  which His world can thrive. Such a person views the life of Torah, the  fulfillment of Mizvot etc. as oriented towards this great goal. That  being the case, any nationalistic ties we have, any special allegiance  we carry for fellow members of Yisra'el, are ultimately a hindrance to  reaching this goal and can only be seen in a positive light as a means  to achieving this end. The reason that this fellowship is a valid means  is beca  use Am Yisra'el, as the recipients of the Torah, are uniquely  positioned to demonstrate to the rest of the world how a holy people  should comport themselves - but that is, again, merely a vehicle for the  ultimate goal.
 
 Rav Kook is defending/explaining a school of thought which was very  popular in the nineteenth century in Europe (a school most often  associated with R. Shimshon Raphael Hirsch - although it has roots which  reach back much earlier in Jewish literary history). This school views  Am Yisra'el chiefly in its role as teachers of the world, who are  situated throughout the Diaspora in order to inspire, instruct and  illuminate the non-Jewish world around us. This school is fond of the  adage of Haza"l:
 
 "R. Elazar says: HaKadosh Barukh Hu only exiled Yisra'el among the  nations in order that converts should be added to their ranks." (BT  Pesahim 87b)
 
 One final note: Rav Kook does an exquisite job of shedding light on  the curious title: Mehadrin MIN haMehadrin. Instead of understanding  this as a hierarchical title (i.e. "greater" than the Mehadrin), he uses  the language to identify this as an elite sub-group within the  Mehadrin.
 
 VI
 
 MEHADRIN MIN HAMEHADRIN (II)
 
 "There is another approach, in which the heart of an extraordinary  person will contemplate and reach the conclusion that it is indeed true  that self-love is not fitting for the greatest level of profundity, even  if it is expanded to include a love for the whole nation. Nonetheless  it is appropriate to love the good on its own merit - therefore it is  right to accord to the goal of public life the greatest content possible  in life. Since the Divine treasure is hidden within Yisra'el, therefore  they are certainly qualified to become completed to this degree such  that their life should be the desire of any upright person, not because  of the self-love of "a man is prejudiced regarding himself"; rather  because of the truth and uprightness itself.
 
 "Therefore, the treasure of Yisra'el should be the focus of all  spiritual life, and it is upon this that the objective of all of Torah  should be built. It follows that there is room in the simple sensitive  heart of national fellowship, to make it an appropriate trait in the  paths of Torah., since even according to the depth of Divine justice the  final objective will remain the purpose of Yisr'ael. [This is] because  the final goal should not be based upon the quantity of lives, rather  their quality, and the most wondrous quality will e'er remain the legacy  of Yisra'el as testimony of the Divine choice and their treasure."
 
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  | Mikra, Copyright  © 2010 by Rabbi Yitzchak Etshalom and Torah.org.  The author is Educational Coordinator of the Jewish Studies Institute of the Yeshiva of Los Angeles. |  
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